Guidance Laws:

Guidance Laws:

• A. Command Line of Sight
• B. Lead Angle/Half Rectified
• C. Proportional Navigation
• D. All of the above

Answer: (D)

Guidance laws describe how a defender or interceptor turns target motion into steering commands. Each method uses a different signal to drive the intercept: - Command line of sight uses the line-of-sight angle to the target as the command signal. The vehicle steers to keep or move along the LOS, guiding toward a collision path based on how the LOS changes. - Lead angle (including half-rectified lead) stresses aiming ahead of the target’s current position so the intercept happens as the target moves, effectively placing the interceptor on a predicted intersection with the target’s path. The half-rectified variant is a practical form that applies lead only when beneficial, avoiding overlead. - Proportional navigation commands acceleration proportional to the rate at which the LOS is changing, with a navigation constant to shape the turn. This tends to steer the interceptor into a collision course by continuously nullifying LOS rate. All of these are valid guidance approaches used in air intercept scenarios, so selecting all of the above is correct.

Guidance laws describe how a defender or interceptor turns target motion into steering commands. Each method uses a different signal to drive the intercept:

• Command line of sight uses the line-of-sight angle to the target as the command signal. The vehicle steers to keep or move along the LOS, guiding toward a collision path based on how the LOS changes.

• Lead angle (including half-rectified lead) stresses aiming ahead of the target’s current position so the intercept happens as the target moves, effectively placing the interceptor on a predicted intersection with the target’s path. The half-rectified variant is a practical form that applies lead only when beneficial, avoiding overlead.

• Proportional navigation commands acceleration proportional to the rate at which the LOS is changing, with a navigation constant to shape the turn. This tends to steer the interceptor into a collision course by continuously nullifying LOS rate.

All of these are valid guidance approaches used in air intercept scenarios, so selecting all of the above is correct.